Natural gas

Natural gas often also referred to as natural gas or marsh gas, is a fossil fuel is a gas that consists primarily of methane, CH4). He can be found in oil fields, gas fields and coal mines. When the gas rich in methane produced by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic materials other than fossil, then it is called biogas. Sources of biogas can be found in the swamp, garbage landfills, and storage of human and animal feces.

Chemical composition

The main component of natural gas is methane (CH4), which is the shortest chain hydrocarbon molecules and the lightest. Natural gas also contains molecules heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), as well as gases that contain sulfur (sulfur). Natural gas is also a major source for the helium source.

Methane is a greenhouse gas that can create global warming when released into the atmosphere, and is generally regarded as a pollutant rather than a useful energy source. However, methane in the atmosphere reacts with ozone, producing carbon dioxide and water, so the greenhouse effect of methane released into the air is relatively only a moment. Source of methane that comes from living things mostly from termites, cattle (mammal) and agriculture (estimated levels of emissions are approximately 15, 75 and 100 million tons per year respectively).

Storage and transportation of natural gas

Natural gas storage method performed by "Underground Natural Gas Storage", which is a huge space under the ground commonly known as "salt domes" of the domes is happening under the soil of the reservoir sources of natural gas has been depleted. This is very appropriate for the country 4 seasons. In the summer when gas usage for heating significantly reduced (low demand), natural gas is injected through the gas compressors in the soil into the dome. In the winter, where there are very significant needs, natural gas stored in underground vaults issued to be distributed to consumers in need. For a company (service) provider of natural gas, it is helpful to maintain the operational stability of the natural gas supply through natural gas pipelines.

Basically, natural gas transportation system include:

* Transportation by pipe lines.
* Transportation in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) with LNG tankers to transport over long distances.
* Transportation in the form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), both didaratan by road tanker or a CNG tanker at sea, for the near and medium distances (between islands).

In Indonesia, Oil and Gas Downstream Regulatory Body (BPH Migas Downstream) has prepared a Master Plan "Parent Network System Integrated National Gas Transmission". In a time not long before the system of natural gas pipeline will run from Nang continued roe connect Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan. We have a gas pipeline in Indonesia owned by Pertamina and PGN, and still is localized separately in certain areas, such as in North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, East Java and East Kalimantan.

LNG carriers can be used to mentransportasi liquefied natural gas (liquefied natural gas, LNG) across oceans, while tank trucks can carry liquefied natural Gasa or compressed natural gas (compressed natural gas, CNG) at close range. They can mentransportasi natural gas directly to end-users or to distribution points, such as pipelines for further transportation. This is still a large cost for additional facilities for gas liquefaction or compression at the point of production, and penggasan or decompression at the point of end-users or to the pipeline.

Natural Gas Utilization

Outlines the use of natural gas are divided into 3 groups:

* Natural gas as a fuel, such as fuel Gas Power Plant / steam, industrial fuel light, medium and heavy motor vehicle fuel (CNG / NGV), a town gas for household needs of hotels, restaurants and so on .

* Natural gas as raw materials, including raw materials fertilizer plants, petrochemicals, methanol, plastics raw materials (LDPE = low-density polyethylene, LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene, HDPE = high density Polyethylen, PE = poly ethylene, PVC = poly vinyl chloride, C3 and C4 him for LPG, its CO2 for soft drinks, dry ice food preservatives, artificial rain, industrial cast iron, welding and light a fire extinguisher material.

* Natural gas as an energy commodity for export, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG.

Latest technologies can also use natural gas for the air conditioner (AC = air conditioning), as used in the Bangkok airport, Thailand and several college buildings in Australia.

Stove Parabola

Although this type of solar cooker can cook as good as conventional stoves, but the stove was difficult to make. Parabolic cookers are capable of achieving high heat and cook quickly, but always require regulation and supervision in order to operate safely. The numbers in the whole world around a few hundred thousand pieces, mostly in China. This device is particularly useful for large-scale institutional cooking.

Surya bowl is convergence technologies (solar light) is typically used by the Solar Kitchen in Auroville India. Unlike convergence technologies (solar light) which use the reflection system must follow the movement of the sun, using solar bowl-shaped reflector plate static concave half round work in a different way.

Solar bowl mounted above the kitchen with Auroville, Kitchen Surya. Pemusat round sunshine, 15 m in diameter, installed and integrated with the slanting roof Solar Kitchen. Buffer structure formed from the 96 bowls of fruit segments ferro-cement ready-pairs, the interior is coated with 11 000 pieces small mirror. The walls are made of solid brick supporting the entire structure. A receiving device mounted tracking the sun hanging above the bowl, which are automatically regulated by a computer mechanism for sun always be at the focal point. Surya cup capacity produces 75 kW of heat, which in turn produces enough steam to cook 1200 meals on a sunny day. This system has two diesel heater as a backup when the day overcast.

SOLA COOKER

Solar oven or solar cooker is a cooking device that uses sunlight as an energy source. Because this type of stove does not use conventional fuels and low-cost operations, humanitarian organizations to promote their use worldwide to reduce deforestation and desertification, caused by the use of wood as fuel for cooking.

Solar cookers can be used outside the home, especially in situations where minimal fuel consumption or fire risk becomes an important consideration.
Working principle

There are different types of solar cooker. Everything uses heat and light from the sun to cook food. Some basic principles of solar cooker is as follows:

1. The concentration of sunlight. Some device, usually a mirror or some sort of metal / metal that reflect light, are used to concentrate the sun light and heat toward a small cooking area, making the energy more concentrated and more likely to produce enough heat to cook.
2. Changing the light into heat. The interior of the solar cooker and pans, of any material which is black origin, can increase the effectiveness of the conversion of light into heat. Black pan will absorb almost all the sunlight and convert it into heat, substantially improving the effectiveness of the solar cooker. The better the ability to heat the pot, the faster the stove and oven work.
3. Trap the heat. Efforts to isolate the air inside the stove from the outside air will be important. The use of materials such as hard and clear plastic bag or lid made of glass allow light to enter into a saucepan. After the light is absorbed and turned into heat, bags made from plastic or glass cover will trap the heat in it like a greenhouse effect. This allows the stove to reach the same temperature as the cold and windy day as well as when its sunny and hot.

Heating of a good strategy to use solar energy to be less effective if only using one of the above-mentioned principles. In general, solar cooker uses at least two ways, or even third basic principle of solar cooker to produce a sufficient temperature to cook.

Solar oven or solar cooker is a cooking device that uses sunlight as an energy source. Because this type of stove does not use conventional fuels and low-cost operations, humanitarian organizations to promote their use worldwide to reduce deforestation and desertification, caused by the use of wood as fuel for cooking.

Solar Cookers can be used outside the home, especially in Situations where minimal fuel consumption or fire risk becomes an important consideration.

Insinerasi

Incineration is a waste treatment technology involving combustion of organic materials. Waste incineration and other high temperature is defined as thermal processing. Incineration of waste materials convert the waste into ash, the rest of the combustion gases, particulates, and heat. The resulting gas must be cleaned of pollutants before it is released into the atmosphere. Heat generated can be utilized as an energy power plants.

Incineration with energy recovery is one technology waste-to-energy (waste-to-energy, WTE). Other WTE technology is gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic fermentation. Incineration can also be done without energy recovery. Incinerator which was built a few decades ago did not have the facilities and the separation of hazardous materials recycling facility. These incinerators can cause health hazards to workers and the environment surrounding incinerators because of the high dangerous gases from the combustion process. Most incinerators of this type do not produce electrical energy.

Incinerators reduce the volume of waste up to 95-96%, depending on the composition and degree of waste recovery. This means that incineration does not completely replace the use of land as a disposal area, but incineration reduces the volume of waste disposed of in a significant amount.

Incineration has many benefits for treating various types of waste such as medical waste and some types of hazardous waste in which pathogens and chemical toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures.

Incineration is popular in some countries such as Japan where land is a source of very scarce resources. Danish and Swedish has been a pioneer in using the heat from incineration to produce energy. IN the year 2005, waste incineration produced 4.8% of electrical energy and heat that 13.7% consumed the country. Several other countries in Europe that rely on incineration as a waste processing is Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, and France.

Type Incinerator

Incinerator is a place for burning rubbish. Modern incinerator pollution mitigation facilities such as gas cleaning. There are several types of incinerators: the disk moves, the disc does not move, rotary kiln and fluidised bed
[edit] The disk moves

One type of incineration is the dish to move (moving grate). Incinerators of this type enables the transfer of waste into the combustion chamber and move the rest of the results without turning off the fire burning. One container can burn the disc to move 35 metric tons of waste per hour. This type of incinerator can move thousands of hours annually with only one stop, namely at the time of inspection and maintenance.

Trash is introduced into the "mouth" incinerator, and at the other end of the hole in the burning of the remaining issued. The air used in combustion process is supplied through the disc. This air flow also intended to cool the disc. Several types of incinerators has disc moves cooling water system in it.

Secondary combustion air supply is done by pumping air into the top of the dish. If done at high speed, this could trigger the occurrence of turbulence which ensures a better combustion and a surplus of oxygen. Turbulence is also important for the rest of the processing gas incinerator.

Terraform

Terraform (meaning "to form the Earth") planets, moon, or other structures, is a hypothetical process that changes the atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to the Earth so habitable by humans.

This term is more often used as a synonym for planetary engineering. Terraform concept developed from both science fiction and actual science. The term was invented by Jack Williamson in a science fiction story in 1942, Astounding Science Fiction, [1] but the actual concept of this story terraform ahead.

Based on the experience on Earth, the environment of a planet can be changed: but the possibility of a biosphere of Earth-like planets in other planets must diverivikasi. Mars many terraformasi used as candidates. Many studies have been conducted regarding the possibility of warming the planet and changing the atmosphere, and NASA has even hosted the debate the subject. Some potential methods for Martian climate change may fall because of human technological capabilities. Economic resources are also required to perform terraform and require funding from the government or NASA. Period of time and practice is still debated terraform. Another question left unanswered related to ethical, logistical, economic, political and methodology ekstraterestial changing world environment.

Prospective planet for diterraform is Mars, Venus and Mercury, the Moon and Europa, and Ceres.

Candidates celestial bodies might have been targeted terraform

Mars

Best candidates, although that is debatable how much the climate has changed can be maintained after Terraform. It is possible that Martian geological time scale, either in each tens or hundreds of millions of years, could lose the atmosphere and the water element again. But it is believed that Mars may once have Earth-like environment, with a thicker atmosphere and the presence of abundant water that has been lost for hundreds of millions of years running. The exact mechanism of the loss was not known, although a number of hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed. Lack of solar wind magnetosphere allows erodes the atmosphere, and gravity is relatively lower accelerating depletion of the atmosphere of Mars. And at least the activity of tectonic plates is another possibility that prevent recycling process by atmospheric gases trapped in the belly of Mars.

The core of Mars is composed mainly of iron, which allows the formation of earth's magnetosphere like. But with the core cools Mars magnetosphere cause thinning. This also may lead to poor surface of Mars geological activity that causes the surface is colder than the earth. Reheat the core of Mars may be a solution. One way, is not known success because they have not tried, is putting the giant loops in space for heating the core of Mars. But still this has not proved successful and only a suggestion.

Terraform on Mars is about three major things: to build a thicker atmosphere, reducing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and heating the core of the planet Mars.

Geoengineering

Geoengineering is the concept of manipulating the Earth's climate in order to fight the effects of global warming. The National Academy Science defines geoengineering as "a way that involves the science of engineering large-scale engineering of the environment against the effects due to changes in atmospheric composition of the earth". Some geoengineering technique is based on changing the form of carbon. It aims to menggurangi greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These include direct methods (eg capture of carbon dioxide gas in the air) and indirect methods (the growth of phytoplankton on a large scale in the ocean). This can be categorized as mitigation of global warming. The alternative is the technique of solar radiation settings (stratospheric sulfur aerosols) does not reduce levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It also does not reduce the consequences of high levels of carbon dioxide such as ocean acidification. Currently there are no geoengineering projects handled. Some experts think that this is only the result of political pressure to reduce emissions in which many developed countries (mainly United States) are still reluctant to do so. Planting trees and the project "cool roof" is currently underway to prevent climate change, and growth of phytoplankton in the sea on a large scale was in the final research stage and are ready applie.

Geoengineering is the application of terraform. Geoengineering involves the treatment of the earth to be inhabited by human beings deserve. Another definition is narrower integrated natural engineering projects. Recovery on a large scale of hydrocarbons using science and technology can be incorporated into geoengineering applications.

Geoengineering attend because of global warming. Geoengineering concepts exist because the failure of historical facts about the world of emissions control, as well as arctic ice shrinkage causes accelerated process of global warming. Branch geoengineering science is in fact a complex science, and requires different disciplines:

* Science, including atmospheric chemistry, ecology, meteorology, biology of plants
* Knowledge engineering, including aviation and aerospace engineering, ballistics, shipbuilding techniques
* Management and control, including risk management, operational research

Some of the world's leading institutions have been, or will, geoengineering research and find the potential benefits of this science. These agencies include NASA, the Royal Society, The Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and the British Parliament. And international environmental NGOs such as Friends of the Earth International and Greenpeace strongly supports the geoengineering.

Geoengineering

Geoengineering is the concept of manipulating the Earth's climate in order to fight the effects of global warming. The National Academy Science defines geoengineering as "a way that involves the science of engineering large-scale engineering of the environment against the effects due to changes in atmospheric composition of the earth". Some geoengineering technique is based on changing the form of carbon. It aims to menggurangi greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These include direct methods (eg capture of carbon dioxide gas in the air) and indirect methods (the growth of phytoplankton on a large scale in the ocean). This can be categorized as mitigation of global warming. The alternative is the technique of solar radiation settings (stratospheric sulfur aerosols) does not reduce levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It also does not reduce the consequences of high levels of carbon dioxide such as ocean acidification. Currently there are no geoengineering projects handled. Some experts think that this is only the result of political pressure to reduce emissions in which many developed countries (mainly United States) are still reluctant to do so. Planting trees and the project "cool roof" is currently underway to prevent climate change, and growth of phytoplankton in the sea on a large scale was in the final research stage and are ready applie.

Geoengineering is the application of terraform. Geoengineering involves the treatment of the earth to be inhabited by human beings deserve. Another definition is narrower integrated natural engineering projects. Recovery on a large scale of hydrocarbons using science and technology can be incorporated into geoengineering applications.

Geoengineering attend because of global warming. Geoengineering concepts exist because the failure of historical facts about the world of emissions control, as well as arctic ice shrinkage causes accelerated process of global warming. Branch geoengineering science is in fact a complex science, and requires different disciplines:

* Science, including atmospheric chemistry, ecology, meteorology, biology of plants
* Knowledge engineering, including aviation and aerospace engineering, ballistics, shipbuilding techniques
* Management and control, including risk management, operational research

Some of the world's leading institutions have been, or will, geoengineering research and find the potential benefits of this science. These agencies include NASA, the Royal Society, The Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and the British Parliament. And international environmental NGOs such as Friends of the Earth International and Greenpeace strongly supports the geoengineering.

Greenhose Effect

Greenhouse effect, which was first proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824, is a process of heating the surface of a heavenly body (especially the planets or satellites) is caused by the composition and state of the atmosphere.

Mars, Venus, and other celestial atmosphere (such as a natural satellite of Saturn, Titan) have greenhouse effect, but this article only discusses the influence on the Earth. Greenhouse effect for each of the heavenly bodies had to be discussed in each article.

The greenhouse effect can be used to refer to two different things: the natural greenhouse effect which occurs naturally in the earth, and the enhanced greenhouse effect that occurred due to human activities (see also global warming). The rear accepted by all; the first accepted by most scientists, although there are some differences of opinion.

The greenhouse effect caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases in the atmosphere. The increase in CO2 concentration is caused by the increase in fuel oil combustion (fuel), coal and other organic fuels are beyond the ability plants and sea to mengabsorbsinya.

Energy into the earth experienced: 25% reflected by clouds or other particles in the atmosphere, clouds absorb 25% 45% diadsorpsi the earth's surface 5% reflected back by the earth's surface

Diadsoprsi energy reflected back in the form of infrared radiation by the clouds and the earth's surface. But most of the infrared emitted by a cloud of earth and breath of CO2 and other gases, to be returned to the earth's surface. In normal circumstances, the greenhouse effect is required, with the greenhouse effect temperature difference between day and night on earth is not too much different.

In addition to CO2, which may cause the greenhouse effect is the sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and some organic compounds such as methane (CH4) and khloro fluoro carbon (CFC). These gases play an important role in increasing the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect is the indie rock band originating from Jakarta. Consists of Cholil Mahmud (vocals, guitar), Adrian Yunan Faisal (backing vocals, bass), Akbar Good Sudibyo (drums, vocals). This band was formed in 2001. Having experienced several personnel changes, they finally established themselves with the formation of three bands. Previously, this band called Hush. This was later changed to superego, then changed again in 2005 to Greenhouse Effect, taken from one of their song titles.

Many mentioned that the color Greenhouse Effect music belong to the post-rock, even a mention
there shoegaze as the color of their music. However, Greenhouse Effect confidently say that the color of their music is pop, because they feel do not use a lot of distortion in their songs like proper rock music.

science and technology

Located in the capital of Vietnam BPPT Office of Research and Technology with the support of several works show innovative technologies in the ASEAN +3 Techmart event which took place from 17 till date September 20, 2009 in Vietnam Exhibition - Trade Fair Center. Exhibition products about technology followed by 600 local participants in addition to 50 more participants from other countries among the ASEAN countries plus + + 3 countries: China, Japan and Korea.
Stand Indonesia is located in block ASEAN countries and the Universities of Technology in Vietnam.
The exhibition was organized by the Ministry of Research and Technology of Vietnam as the main organizer in cooperation with the Committee on Science & Technology of ASEAN-COST: Committee on Science and Technology and the display of superior technology products in 4 areas: Energy, Food Process, ICT - Information & Communication Technology, and Management Natural Disasters.
Participants from Indonesia represented by 3 (three) institutions: BPPT, Research and Technology and On-line Game Archipelago, one of the products in the form of application "MMORPG": Massively multiplayer online role-playing game one of the first works made by children of the nation. BPPT showing 3 of 101 works of Innovation 2009 is among Indonesia's excellent work to promote the field of ICT applications.

What really becomes its own surprise for the participants of a surprise visit Indonesia is free from grammar protocol Vietnam Menrsitek figure after the exhibition opening night for the presentation and then given a presentation on display ICT applications and a bit of program development "IGOS: Indonesia Goes Open Sources" which was considered attractive and valued the progress that has been achieved. IGOS any application could steal the show itself as an official Ministry of Research and Technology held serve as the primary application for the document if the conference office in the event of ASEAN Science & Technology held in Auditorium BPPT in Jakarta 3 years ago.
While the application "Perisalah" and "Lisan" was enough to get very interested when the television station VTV National TV channels --- --- Vietnam implement coverage of Indonesia stands. "Perisalah" Identification System for Speech is Indonesian for Treatise Solutions / Automatic Meeting Minutes, while the "Oral" is a verbal Identification System Talk Indonesian for Computers and Writing Commands Documents in Linux OS developed Researchers from Deputy TIEM - BPPT.

technology blogs

According to a report from the Pew Internet & American Life Project, blog has become commonplace. In 2004, readers of blogs increased 58 percent, that of the 27 percent of overall Internet users, or 32 million people. 12 percent of the active read blogs also add comments on blogs. (Quote from CNet News.com)

Just as blogs, are now almost all the news sites with RSS feeds facility). This facility allows the reader to read the news. As we know, news sites and blogs on the Internet very much. By using RSS syndication, the reader can use third-party programs to collect and then read all the news in one place.

CNet News.com has even adopted some previously popular technology blogs in the world, the Trackback and Pingback. Both these technologies enables a blog-maker to make the relevant links on other blogs. So that blog readers can easily navigate to other blogs that have relevant information. System comments, Trackback and Pingback to make proclamation that made a whole blog to be very complete.

If the definition of blog is a collection of writings compiled by time and category, and equipped with the comment system, Trackback and Pingback, CNet News.com is a technology also can be said is a blog, although CNet News.com historically departing from the traditional technology news site, while the blogs are generally depart from small sites or private.

And what about the news site conditions in Indonesia? Not one who has a syndicated facility of RSS, especially Trackback or Pingback: (. In technology, the quality of online news systems in the country is concerned. In addition, the reusability factor also has not been touched by the news site. In my opinion, this factors triggered the arrogance and ignorance. Sources such news does not want visitors to read news sites from third-party programs (RSS aggregator), probably because of the fear business (RSS aggregator does not display ads) or because they do not want the news from those sites grouped by news from other sites.

In my opinion it is not a good reason to not follow the technology. The news can be syndicated in the form of a summary, so to read the whole story, the reader is required to read from the original site. Syndication is something that can not be avoided. Information overload will one day become a problem for almost all Internet users. To fix this, Internet users will switch to syndication as a primary means of getting that information. Reluctance in using syndication is going to harm the provider of news sites, because readers will only look for other sources that have syndication.

engineering technology

Ever hear the term did not (scCO2), I might as well just to hear (understand the countryside became less slang), but I get the material might be of interest also to study in Indonesia. As we know that the function of drying the product is to reduce the water content in order to reduce the water activity in products that can prevent any damage. The water content in the product determines the expiration of the product, not one nih kalo, most bacteria can not live if his aw nila below 0.91 and the bacteria will stop growing at under 0.81% (it says Beuchat (1983)

From the water activities will certainly affect the activity of enzymes and vitamins in the food there, berubahnnya enzyme would alter the aroma, taste and appearance of food dai, therefore, until now researchers are still struggling to maintain vitamin and enzyme activity was the food included in the drying process.

Now the problem during the drying process so inikan using the sun or oven drying, where in this process is principally the water is expelled by using the porosity of the product so that the water contained in the product pores will evaporate and cause the product to be dried aka porositasnya empty (this reply said Krokida and Maraulis, 1997)

High temperatures used in drying process for this (not reply any temperature between 65-80 degrees Celsius) it causes damage to the micro structure of the material and what happens next ... will obviously affect the taste, color, etc. Teste worse is the decrease of contents vitamin that is the product.

Have no other method of drying? the answer is there like using a microwave drying, osmotic drying, freeze drying, and vacuum dryaing .. but as long as it remains just that the method still has the disadvantage of decreasing the product quality .. This research also is lho ... research results from (Vega-Mercado, Marcela Gongora-Nieto, & Barbosa-Canovas, 2001).

The advantage of the above techniques is usually a faster time than by using the sun .. but the fundamental weakness is the need of expensive energy .. (know yourself just adds fuel rises so expensive dong.

Semi-Hybrid Technology

Vermont - During a media preview of the exhibition Mercedes Blue Tec technology in Vermont Germany, an official Mercedes-Benz, Thomas Ruhl said it would supply semi-hybrid technology to the BMW.

Of course that is not a full-hybrid engine. Mercedes is not planning to sell a car or a hybrid version of its produce electric cars to other manufacturers.

Ruhl confirmed that the model S400 BlueHybrid and ML450 BlueHybrid will be launched in the United States 2009. BlueHybrid is not a car with a hybrid engine used in combination with diesel engines (there are many in Europe). To facilitate knowing Mercedes diesel hybrid cars, the technology called BlueTec Hybrid. The use of the name "Blue" itself for Mercedes and other manufacturers, is a symbol of the car fuel efficient and environmentally friendly. Like Volkswagen's BlueMotion products

Fuel efficiency resulting in S400 model is the work of the semi-hybrid technology. This technology was developed jointly by Mercedes-Benz and BMW. Model ML450 will be the first car using the Mercedes Two-Mode hybrid system.

Besides Mercedes-BMW, the U.S. manufacturer, General Motors is already using the system Two Mode hybrid transmission on some models and is supplied to Chrysler. Ruhl revealed, it will develop this system for some Mercedes models including the BMW cars. According to information, the first car that BMW will use the Two Mode hybrid transmission is the X6 model.

There is no fundamental difference in how the production of hybrid semi German and American manufacturers. Only the mechanical work associated with the control software. About sensitive issues that developed in the use of hybrid car batteries, Ruhl declined to comment, but the attitude of "no comment" indicates that the Mercedes Ruhl will also use this type of Li-on at the Two Mode hybridnya. While GM and Chrysler use of nickel-metal hydrid.

Cars with the semi-hybrid system differs significantly with the full hybrid has been equipped with electric motors or hybrid drivertrain. In the semi-hybrid, electricity only works when the car stopped and live again. Motor will replace the temporary endangerments engine life as a new car or before the fuel into the fuel. In the semi-hybrid, usually combined with features star / stop engine.

Silicon-basd tecnology

As is known, in terms of elektronikanya structure, semiconductor materials can be divided into two types namely having a direct energy band gap (direct bandgap) and the energy band gap indirectly (indirect bandgap). Silicon is the material with energy gap is indirect, in which the value of the conduction band minimum and the maximum value of the valence band is not met at one price the same momentum. This meant that occur excitation and recombination of the charge brought great changes needed in the value of momentum. In other words, hard silicon emit light. This property causes the silicon is not fit for use as photonic devices / Optoelectronic, so that's possible for example to make IC contained therein Optoelectronic detector or a light source pemamcar using only the silicon material alone. Several attempts have been made to overcome this partly by developing what is known as bandgap engineering. One example is growing the material structure of SiGe / Si superlattice layer straitned. Parameters mechanical strains arising from the difference between the crystal lattice constant of SiGe and Si layers will affect the electronic structure of the material appearing on brillioun-zone effects that change the structure of folding the ribbon-like materials with direct energy gap (direct bandgap). The combination of these two materials allows the emission and absorption of light. Another way is also popular for improving optical properties of silicon is the so-called porous silicon material. With the electrochemical solution, the silicon plate can be shaped holes the size of tens of angstroms. With the help of a laser beam, will be seen with the naked eye from the light transmitting material is silicon. This phenomenon can be explained by using two-dimensional model of quantum confinement. The weakness of this technique is the nature of its reproducibility low. Advances over the opening of a new era for the silicon material and a guide to optoelektronika applied to the device.

spring technology

Master high-tech capabilities is an absolute condition for a country to enter the newly industrialized countries. One of the high technology that greatly influenced human civilization in this century is the semiconductor and microelectronics technology. This field is usually analogous to the three words of English modern life is affecting Computer, Component, and communication. For computers, the main topic in this field is how to make computers become faster, more slender with more complex functions and power consumption decrease. For this purpose, there are two mutually supportive approaches in terms of hardware and software. In terms of hardware is how to make a transistor as the smallest active component becomes smaller and high speed. In terms of software is how to design an integrated circuit (integrated circuit) which becomes increasingly more complex slim and compact. The caption under the approach discussed in terms of the development of hardware devices-electron devices (electron devices) now and that will come as a basic component of semiconductor equipment / electronics, with views from the point of semiconductor material itself.

Discussion of the semiconductor devices must not be separated from the semiconductor material itself as the basic materials such device manufacturing. Silicon (Si) with an abundant supply on earth and with the crystal manufacturing technology established, has become the choice of semiconductor technology. Silicon very large scale integration (VLSI) has opened a new era in the world of electronics in the 20th century this. The need for higher speed and performance are better than computer technology has led to a silicon VLSI silicon ultra high scale integration (ULSI). Currently metaloxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is still dominant as the technology base devices integrated circuit (IC). Dimensions of the MOSFETs become smaller and will be approximately 0.1 microns to the size of giga-bit dynamic random acces memories (DRAMs). Some of the problems that arise in an attempt reduce the dimensions of MOSFETs including short-channel effects and hot carrier that will reduce the performance of the transistor itself.


Despite much progress, the question that always arises is how far the limit of reduction that can be done in terms of production processes, physical properties of the device itself and interkoneksinya. Many problems in terms of fabrication which can become an obstacle. As one example of the limitations of the production process is the technique of lithography techniques necessary to realize the circuit design to the plate (Waver) silicon in IC fabrication process. By using light as a source file, the dimensions of lithography by itself will be limited by the wavelength of light itself. Therefore developed another lithography technique using X-rays and electron beams. By using these two techniques are not very economical for use in IC production process in bulk. From the above description, looks are still there are several problems that will arise in the IC fabrication process in the future.

FISH CAFTURE TOOL

Ultilization Chalienges fishing light

Utilization of light as a fishing tool has evolved considerably since discovered the electric light. Most fishermen think that the greater the intensity of light used to reproduce the catch. Not uncommon that fishermen using light with a relatively large amount of high intensity in the arrest operation. This assumption is not correct, because each fish has a large response to light intensity varies.

Studies on the amount of light intensity values that can attract fish in each species of fish needs to be done. This is important, but so right on target fish catch in the area, also to avoid depletion of fish catches and fishing waste costs. For it is not rare, in the fishing operations with the tools this light that the fish are not satisfactory arrested (yet memijah) or even a juvenile was arrested as part fish catch side. When this is done continuously, then the damage to fish resources are just waiting for his time.

Therefore, many studies have been done is always recommended for removal of the fishing equipment that uses this tool. This is due to the high level of fishing gears
lack selektifan that uses light in fishing operations. It is a big job for the engineers of fishing equipment to the front to create a tool capable of catching selection of the

Utilizaton of light

Utilization of light for fishing tool is done by using the physical properties of artificial light itself. The entry of light into the water, is closely related to the wavelength of light emitted by them. The greater the wavelength the smaller the power tembusnya into waters.

Other factors that also determine the entry of light into the water is the absorption (absorption) of light by water particles, brightness, reflection of light by the sea, season and geographic latitude. Given these obstacles, the value of illumination (lux) a source of light will decrease with the increasing distance from the light sources.

With the physical properties owned by the light and the tendency of fish behavior in response to the light, fishermen and creating artificial light to fool the fish, so do a certain behavior to facilitate in fishing operations. Relation of fish behavior in response to the light source is often used by fishermen is the tendency of fish to gather around sources of light.

For the purpose of fish in the area attract the widest possible, fishermen are usually turned on the light that glowed blue in the early penanggkapannya operations. This is because blue light has the shortest wavelength and penetrate into the most distant relative water than other colors of visible light, so that both vertically and horizontally the light is able mengkover a relatively large area compared to other sources of visible light.

After the fish are interested in approaching the light, the fish were then collected until the range of fishing equipment (catchability area) by using the light of the relatively low frequency, gradually. Red light used in the final stages of catching fish.

In contrast to blue light, red light has a wavelength between the relative length of visible light, has a cruising range is relatively limited. Thus, the fish are beginning to be away from the light source (ship), with the changing colors of light sources, come closer to the light source in accordance with the penetrating power of red light. After the fish collected near the boat (fishing areas fishing equipment), new fishing gears and the gang locked in character as purse seine fishing, stock or operated lift nets and confining the movement of fish. With the restrictions on the movement of fish, then fishing operations will be easier and higher achievement score.

Light as a fishing tool

Utilization of light as a fishing tool is closely associated with actual fishing effort in the understanding of fish behavior in response to environmental changes around him. Almost all the fish used in the activity of his life, such as memijah, find food, and avoid large fish attacks or other predators. Light is the main factor for the fish in order to maintain life. On the basis of such knowledge, the fishermen use artificial light fish unttuk encourage certain activities.

In general, the response of fish to the light source can be divided into two groups, namely phototaxis is positive (the fish come close to the source of light) and are negative phototaxis (away from the fish came toward the light source).

The fish that are positive phototaxis in a group will react to the arrival of light in the direction of the light come and gather around the light in the distance and a certain timeframe. In addition to avoiding predators attack (predator), some theories say that the fish gathering around the lamp is to foraging activity.

However, the level of interest in fish and pack the fish on the light source varies among species of fish. Differences are generally caused by differences Phylogenetic and ecological factors, as well as by the physical characteristics of light sources, particularly the level of intensity and wavelength. Study results that some researchers say, not all types of light can be accepted by the fish eye. Only light that has a wavelength in the interval 400 to 750 nanometers is able to fish caught by the eye.

USING LIGHT FISHING

Catch fish, are hunting activities like catching a tiger, wild boar or wild animals in the forest other. Because of its hunting, fishing makes contains high uncertainty. To reduce the uncertainty of the fish catch, fishermen have long used means "light" as a fishing tool.

Before light electrical technology is growing rapidly as now, the fishermen in various parts of the world use the torch light as a fishing tool. At first the use of light as a fishing tool is limited to the traditional fishery located on the beach alone, such as beach seine fishery, stock, and several other chart fishing equipment. However, with the development of traditional fisheries activities into the industry, the use of light as a widespread tool to help catch fish in the purse seine fishery, chart, stick held deep nets, and others.

The use of electric light in the fishing activity was first developed in Japan around the year 1900, then later evolved into the various parts of the world. Indonesia itself, the use of light as a fishing tool is not known with certainty. Allegedly, fishing with the light tool developed from the eastern waters of Indonesia and spread to the western part of Indonesia.

Wave energy

Wave energy is the kind of energy that can be obtained by using sea waves.

This latest technology uses the term linear Permanent Magnet Buoy (Indonesian: Buoy Magnet Linear harvester). The technology is already used by the city of Portland in the United States and is the creation of the engineers from the University of Oregon is, in addition to electricity supply, is also able to encourage the growth of marine life. Also there is no CO2 emissions, no noise pollution, no visual pollution.

How it works

This buoy system can produce power with only float in a wavy sea surface. This system is located about one or two nautical miles from the coast, which is called the permanent magnet linear generator buoy. Electric coil surrounds a magnetic rod in the buoy and the coil is attached to buoys, bar magnet attached to the seabed. When the waves reach the buoy, the buoy will tersbut moves up and down relative to the menimbukan bar magnet and an electric potential difference is raised.

Based on the results of research from the University of Oregon, each buoy capable of producing 250 kilowatts of power and this technology can be used in large or small scale depends on the energy dibutuhakan. There are several options to generate power, the above description uses the coil technique of moving up and down, but could also bar magnet with a technique that moves up and down. Placement coil and bar magnet can also be placed based or sea surface.

In this system could be called with ironless, as eliminating one of the iron that is softmagnetic on the stator. So sheer stress required to be small. But the weakness of this system is the axis or shaft or translator becomes more severe with the magnet.

Benefits

As a comparison table below shows the benefits gained economically from the use of technology that we call the waves of power.
Compared with other green technologies like solar and wind energy, wave energy is given the availability of up to 90% with a potential region is not limited, as long as there are waves, electrical energy could be obtained.
In addition to economic value is promising there other things that can provide benefits in the environmental field. Mentioned above that this technology does not create noise pollution, CO2 emissions, as well as visual pollution as well as to provide space for marine life to form colonies of coral reefs along the anchor which is planted on the seabed. This will result in the gathering of fish and other marine animals.

Digital watches

Digital watches

1.8-inch OLED screen is used in digital watches are marketed by Gubrak.com Indonesia. This product is equipped with MP4 player (MP4 player), has 7 EQ modes to maximize the sound of music, voice recording, display images in JPEG or GIF format, and watching movies.
Organic Light-emitting diode (OLED) or organic light diode is a semiconductor as a light-emitting layer made of organic. OLED technology is used in elektroluminensi, as in the application screen or censor. This technology is known for flexible ketipisannya reaching less than 1 mm.

Background

OLED technology invented by Eastman Kodak Company scientists, Dr. Ching W. Tang in 1979. Research in Indonesia on this technology began in 2005. OLED technology was created as a aternatif generation surpasses the previous screen, liquid crystal display (Liquid Crystal Display or LCD). OLED to be developed and applied to the device display technology.

OLED Technology

OLED is an important tool in elektroluminensi technology. These technologies have the basic concept of the light generated by the device due to a given electric field. OLED technology was developed to obtain a broad view, flexible, inexpensive and can be used as an efficient screen for various display purposes.

Number of colors of light emitted by the OLED device evolved from one color to multi-colors. This phenomenon is obtained by varying the voltage provided to the OLED device so that the device has the prospect to become an alternative devices such as flat screen display technology based on liquid crystals.

Layer structure

OLED structure consists of layers made of glass-indium tin oxide that serves as the positive electrode or anode, organic layers of aromatic diamine with a thickness of 750 nm light-emitting layer made of metal complex compounds such as 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum, and the negative electrode layer or cathode made of magnesium alloy and silver with atomic ratio of 10:1. Construction of a whole layer of no more than 500 nm, the same meaning thin OLED with a sheet of paper.
[edit] Design tool

An important part of the OLED device is an electrode layer and a thin layer of organic molecules as light-emitting which were both developed overlapping. Organic layer can dimendapkan with a relatively simple technique of layering rotate (spin coating) while the electrode layer using a technique dimendapkan evaporation (evaporation). Electrode layer is made of metal or semi-transparent transparent Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) or aluminum (Al). Transparent nature allows light emitted from the structure of an optimal exit devices.

printing technology

CMYK (stands for cyan, magenta, yellow, yellow, and the main colors (black-black) [1], and is often used as a reference as a coloring process using four colors) is part of the coloring model is often used in color printing. But he also used to explain the coloring process itself. Although different from each place of printing, newspaper service, factory and other newspaper-related parties, ink for this process generally, arranged in the order of these abbreviations. [2]

This model, either in part or whole, are usually imposed in the picture with white background color (this color is selected, because he can absorb a certain length of the light structure). Such a model is often known as the "subtractive", because the colors to reduce color of white light.

In another model of "color additive", as well as RGB (Red-Red, Green, Green, Blue-Blue), white color to the color combination of additional primary colors, while the black color may occur without any light. In the CMYK model, the opposite applies: the white color becomes natural color of the paper or a background color, whereas black is the color combination of primary colors. To save money to buy the ink, and color to produce a darker black, was made a special black color replaces the combination of cyan, magenta and yellow

Router

Router is a networking tool that sends data packets through a network or the Internet to the destination, through a process known as routing. The process of routing occurs at layer 3 (network layer such as the Internet Protocol) of the protocol stack of seven-layer OSI.

Function

Router serves as a liaison between two or more networks to carry data from one network to another network. Different router switch. Switch is connecting several devices to form a Local Area Network (LAN).
Analogy Router and Switch

As an illustration of the different functions of routers and switches is a street, and the router is the liaison between the road. Each house is on the road that has an address in a particular order. In the same way, the switch connects various devices, where each instrument has its own IP address on a LAN.

Router is very widely used in technology-based network TCP / IP, and router types that are also called IP Router. In addition to IP router, there is another AppleTalk router, and still there are several other types of routers. The Internet is a prime example of a network that has a lot of IP routers. Router can be used to connect many small networks into a larger network, called the internetwork, or to divide a large network into several subnetworks to improve performance and simplify management. Router is also sometimes used to mengoneksikan two networks that use different media (such as wireless routers in general than he can connect computers using radio, he also supports connecting computers with UTP cable), or different network architectures, such as the Ethernet to Token Ring.

Router can also be used to connect LANs to a telecommunications service such as leased line telecommunications or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). Router used to connect LANs to a leased line connection such as T1, or T3, often referred to as access servers. Meanwhile, the router used to connect local network to a DSL connection is also a DSL router. Type routers generally have a firewall function to perform packet filtering based on source address and destination address of the package, although some routers do not have it. Router that has a feature called packet filtering with packet-filtering routers. Router blocking traffic is generally transmitted data is broadcast in order to prevent the broadcast storm that could slow down network performan

hawking technology

Space colonization, also called residential space, is a permanent human habitat planning outside Earth. He is one of the major topics in science fiction. Some designers group at NASA and others have examined the possibility that various kinds of schemes.

Supporting life
For humans can live permanently outside the Earth, the habitat must maintain an environment that is similar to the Earth, for instance homeostasis. Habitat must contain a non-human species - for example, microorganisms and plant seeds.

The relationship between organisms, their habitats and non-Earth environment are:

* Organisms and their habitat fully isolated from the environment (eg, including artificial biosphere, biosphere 2, life-support systems)
* Merngubah environment in order to be a friendly habitat for life (a process called terraforming)
* Change the organism to become more in tune with the environment, the habitat becomes united organism (See also: genetic engineering, transhumanisme, cyborg)

[edit] Replication-own

Self-replication is an additional option, because it can provide an increasing number of colonies, thus reducing costs and dependency on Earth. The goal of mengharapakan including only information from the Earth (scientific, engineering, entertainment, etc.) and colonies that only require periodic inventory lightweight objects, such as integrated circuits, drugs, genetic materials, etc..

See also: probe von Neumann, von Neumann machine, clanking replicator
[edit] The size of the population

In 2002, anthropologist Dr. John Moore estimates that a population of 150-189 would be enough for normal reproductive generations 60-80 approximately equal to 2000 years.

A minimum population of two women can do for the human embryo is available from the Earth.

micron technology

Random access memory (English: Random access memory, RAM) is a type of computer storage whose contents can be accessed in a fixed position ignores the data in memory. This is in contrast to sequential memory devices, such as magnetic tapes, disks and drums, in which the mechanical movement of the storage media to force the computer to access data sequentially.

First time in 60'an known. Only when the semiconductor memory that has not been popular because the price is very expensive. When it is more common to use a magnetic main memory.

Semiconductor companies like Intel to start producing debut with RAM, more precisely type of DRAM.

Usually RAM can be written and read, as opposed to memory-read-only (read-only-memory, ROM), RAM is usually used for primary storage (main memory) for use in computer and change the information actively, although some tools to use several types RAM to provide a secondary storage of long-term.

But there is also the opinion that the ROM is another type of RAM, because it is really too random access as SRAM or DRAM. Only it was the process of writing the ROM requires a special process that is not as easy and flexible as well as SRAM or DRAM. Also some parts of the space addres RAM (main memory) of a system that is mapped into one or two chip ROM.

MOSFET
ransistor-field effect metal-oxide semiconductor (MOSFET) is one type of field effect transistors. The basic principle of this device was first suggested by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. Includes the channel of MOSFET-type semiconductor material and the type of N-P, and called NMOSFET or a PMOSFET (also commonly NMOS, PMOS). This is the most common transistor in a digital or analog circuitry, but bipolar transistors meeting at a time more genera

information technology

Mifta or full Muslim Information Technology Association is a forum of Muslim activists who Kierkegaard in the field of Information Technology both from academics, practitioners and beginners. Mifta normatively intended as a unifier of the potential capabilities in the field of Information Technology, spread among Muslims that can be used for general community development in all fields.

* 1 History
* 2 Goals
* 3 Organization
* 4 Activities and Events
* 5 External links

History

Mifta founded in Depok, West Java, on May 18, 2000 by some activists in the field of IT Abiyoto Wardhana Kun, Rusmanto, Arief Wiryanto, Teguh S, Sharif Hidayatullah, Jaja Triharja, Bayu Waspodo, Hafuan, Prihantoosa, Eko Budhi S. Currently Mifta members in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Medan, Makasar, Manado, Singapore, and Malaysia.
[edit] Objectives

Mifta aims to form professional associations is the best and advanced in the field of information technology and always uphold the noble values are based rofesi Islamic Shari'a, and to participate in:

1. Increasing the degree of knowledge of Indonesian society Information Technology
2. Research and development of the science of Information Technology.
3. Increased prosperity of the members in particular and society in general by not forgetting his position as a community development agency

Organization

Mifta organization consists of

1. National Congress (MUNAS), is the highest forum of the organization. Held every year, either physically or virtually. In this forum will be held leadership turnover.
2. Expert Council and the Sharia, the interest of the National Council, may appoint experts and Sharia Council, whose members can be from members of the Association or non-members to be appointed outside members and Islamic scholar biasa.Dewan not have a voice, but can give suggestions, opinions to the Board to support progress of both the Association requested or not.
3. Profession and Association Council, Professional Council and the Association are elected members of the Association of National Congress to conduct oversight functions over the implementation and management of the Association in performing its duties and the Association of Professional Board is responsible to the National Conference.
4. Daily Board, the Board consists of the daily minimum of a Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer, and several head of the field. In conducting its activities, the Board is assisted by the Daily Technical Implementation Unit or UPT.

Activities and Events

* Islamic Book Publishing Virtual
* Organization of seminars and workshops of information technology
* Raising funds to support Islamic schools utuk
* Development of software Pesantrean Management Information System and School, poured in Codecamp IGOS program.
* Internida for Making sites empower the Ummah through Internida Information Technology.
* Intelligence community in the field of IT by making Mifta University who is a program of S2 (Postgraduate Studies) Non Degree in IT online at a cost below the high school fees (very affordable) MIFTA University

Smart Card

Smart Card (UK smart card) is a card that had been buried integrated circuit. Although many
usefulness, but there are two basic divisions of this card, the memory cards and microprocessor cards.

Examples of this card uses the most is for electronic payment systems and in the SIM card.
* 1 History
* Smart card 2 touch
* Smart card 3 non-touch
o 3.1 United States
o 3.2 Asia
o 3.3 Europe
o 3.4 Oceania
* 4 See also
* 5 Books
* 6 External links
o 6.1 Patents


History

Smart card is found and patented in the 1970s. There is some dispute about who "inventor" of this card includes the original Jürgen Dethloff of Germany, Arimura of Japan, and Roland Moreno of France. First mass usage of this card is to pay the phone in France in 1983.
[edit] Smart Card Touch

Smart card chip golden touch has a diameter of about half an inch. At the time put into the card reader, the chip associated with the electrical connectors that can read information from the chip and write it back.

Standard ISO / IEC 7816 and ISO / IEC 7810 defines:

* Physical form
* The position and shape of the electrical
* The electrical characteristics
* Communication protocol
* Formatting commands sent to the card and the responses returned from the card
* Card security
* Function

This card does not contain batteries; energy is supplied by the card reader.


Smart card non-touch
Front side of a standard card for adult passengers.

These cards communicate with card readers by RFID induction technology (at the speed of data exchange from 106 to 848 kbit / s). This card should only brought closer to the card reader to complete the transaction. This card is widely used for mass transportation systems that require a rapid process, or without using hands.

Standard for these cards is ISO / IEC 14443. This standard defines two types of non-touch cards that can communicate at distances up to 10 cm. Another standard is ISO 15693, which allows communications at distances up to 50 cm.

Non-touch cards that are used widely in Hong Kong's Octopus card, and in Paris with Card Calypso / Navigo, which existed before the ISO / IEC 14443.

Here is a table of smart card use non-touch.

rfid technology

RFID (English: Radio Frequency Identification) or Radio Frequency Identification is a method of identification by using the means of the so-called RFID tag or transponder to store and retrieve data remotely. Labels or RFID cards is an object that can be installed or included in a product, animal or even human beings for the purpose of identification using radio waves. RFID label consists of silicon microchip and antenna. Passive labels do not require a power source, whereas active labels require a power source to function.

RFID history

In 1946, Léon Theremin discovered spying devices for the Soviet government that can emit radio waves again with the voice information. Sound waves vibrate a diaphragm (diaphragm) which change slightly the form of resonator, which then modulates the reflected radio frequency. Although this tool is a listening device spy passive and not a card / label identity, this tool is recognized as the first object and one of ancestors RFID technology. Some publications state that the use of RFID technology has existed since the early 1920s, while some other sources state that the new RFID system emerged in the late 1960s.

A more similar technology, the IFF transponder, was found by the British in 1939, and regularly used by Allied troops in World War II fighter aircraft to identify friend or foe. Such transponders are still used by the military and airlines today........

institute of technology

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) is a community college located in Bandung. ITB was established on March 2, 1959. Current status of ITB is the State University (State Owned Legal Entity).

ITB main campus, in the northern city of Bandung, and other parts of campus, has a 770,000 m² area.

Student dormitories, faculty housing, and administrative headquarters is not located on the main campus but still within easy reach to go. Facilities are available on campus including the bookstore, post office, canteen, bank, and clinics.

In addition to lecture rooms, laboratories, workshops and studios, ITB has an art gallery that is soemardja Gallery, sports facilities, and a Campus Center. Near the campus there is also Salman Mosque for worship and religious activities of Muslims in the ITB. To support the implementation of academic and research activities, there are facilities supporting the academic, dintaranya Central Library (the collection of approximately 150,000 books and 1000 journal titles), Sports Facility Sasana Budaya Ganesha, Language Center, Center for computer services (ComLabs) and Bosscha Observatory ( one of the features of Expertise Astronomy Group FMIPA), located 11 kilometers north of Bandung.

Rector of ITB is currently Professor. Djoko Santoso (the election result in December 2004 - January 2005) for the period 2005-2010.

* 1 History
* 2 Faculty
* 3 Reputation
* 4 Rector
* 5 The ITB Students
* Unit 6 student activities
* 7 Alumni
* 8 See also
* 9 External links
o 9.1 General
o 9.2 Faculty / department / school
o 9.3 Unit of student activities

Elektronika

Electronics is the study of weak electrical currents that operated in a way to control the flow of electrons, or electrically charged particles in a device such as computers, electronic equipment, thermocouples, semiconductors, and so forth. The study of such tools is a branch of physics, while the design and manufacture of electronic circuits is part of electrical engineering, computer engineering, and science / electronics and instrumentation engineering.

The tools that use the basic electronics work is usually referred to as electronic devices (electronic devices). Examples of equipment / electronic devices: Cathode ray tube (cathode Ray Tube, CRT), radio, television, cassette recorders, video cassette recorder (VCR), recording VCD, DVD recorders, video cameras, digital cameras, personal computer desk-top, Laptop computers, PDAs (pocket computers), robots, smart cards, etc..


Passive Components

* Resistor or resistance
* Capacitor or condenser
* Inductor or coil
* Transformer

[edit] Active Components

* Diode
o diodes light
o photo diode
o diode laser
Zener diode o
* Schottky diode
* Transistor
o Field effect transistors
o bipolar
o transistor IGBT
o Darlington transistor
o transistor photos

[edit] Electromechanical Sensors and Actuators

* Microphone
* Speaker
* Strain gauge
* Switch
* Thermistors
* MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)

Analog Circuit

* Amplifiers
* Amplifier operation (Operational Amplifiers), including negative feedback
* Girator

[edit] Digital Circuit

* Logic gate

(DL, RTL, RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, CMOS, NMOS, HMOS)

* Flip-flop
* Counter binary (UK: counter)
* Register
* Multiplexer (MUX) and DEMUX
* Summing binary (Adder), a reduction of binary binary & multiplier (Multiplier)
* Microprocessors
* Microcontroller
* ADC, DAC, Atmel AVR
* Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
* FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), ASIC, FPAA, Embedded, FPGA, CPLD
* All types of digital computers: supercomputers, mainframes, mini computers, desktop personal computers, laptops, PDAs, smart card, smart phone, etc.

Digital voltmeter gauge was measuring his series prototaip

[edit] measuring tool

* Ohm-meters
* Amper-meter
* Voltmeter
* Multimeters
* Oskiloskop
* Generator functions
* Digital Signal Analyzer
* Spectrum meter

CDMA

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a form of pemultipleksan (not a pemodulasian scheme) and a common access method that divides the channel is not based on time (as in TDMA) or frequency (as in FDMA), but by way of coding data with a code specifically associated with each channel that exists and use properties of constructive interference of the special codes to perform pemultipleksan.

CDMA also refers to digital cellular telephone system that uses a shared access scheme, such as that initiated by Qualcomm.

CDMA is a military technology first used in World War II by English allies to foil German efforts disrupt their transmission. Allies decided to transmit not only on one frequency, but at some frequency, Germany made it difficult to capture the full signal.

Since then CDMA is used in many communications systems, including the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the OmniTRACS satellite system for transportation logistics. Final system was designed and built by Qualcomm, and the embryo is helping Qualcomm engineers to find the Soft Handoff and power control quickly, the technology needed to make practical and efficient CDMA for terrestrial mobile communications.

CDMA Benefits

CDMA technology itself has many advantages when applied in mobile systems. The benefits include:

* Only need one radio required for some sectors / cell
* Do not need equalizer to overcome the signal spectrum disorders
* Can be joined with other access methods, does not require a timer (guard time) to see the range of time and guard band (guard band) to keep the intervention antarkanal
* Does not require frequency allocation and management of
* Has a fine capacity to restrict access to users
* Have the protection of the process of tapping

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is the industry specification for personal area networks (personal area networks, or PAN) without wires. Bluetooth connects and can be used to conduct the exchange of information between devices. Spesifiksi of Bluetooth devices was developed and distributed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band using a frequency hopping capable traceiver provides voice and data communications in real time between bluetooth host-host with the range of this technology is terbatas.Kelemahan short range and data transfer capabilities are low.

Origin of name and symbol bluetooth

The name "Bluetooth" comes from the name of the king at the end of the tenth century, Harald Blatand which in England is also known as Harald Bluetooth because it's probably a dark-colored teeth. He is a Danish king who has successfully united the tribes that previously fought, including the tribes of the area now called Norway and Sweden. Even Scania region in Sweden, where Bluetooth technology is also included in his territory. King's ability as a unifier is also similar to the current Bluetooth technology to connect various devices such as personal computers and mobile phones. [1]

While bluetooth logo comes from the union of two German letters are analogous to the letter H and B (short for Harald Bluetooth), ie (Hagall) and (Berkanan) which later merged.

Sports arena

Sports elanggang Beijing University of Technology is a covered sports arena located on the campus of Beijing University of Technology in Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. Built starting June 30, 2005 and completed on October 8, 2007, 7500 amounted to capacity audiences.

At the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, this gym is where the game badminton and rhythmic gymnastics. After the Olympics finished, the gym is planned to be a training ground for China badminton team and also as a center of sports and recreational activities for students and the local community.

2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (Olympic games to 29) is an international sports event held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, from August 8 (except football which started on August 6) to August 24 2008, with the opening ceremony which was held at 08:08:08 (8 tonight through 8 minutes and 8 seconds - the number 8 is associated with prosperity in culture Tionghoa). Some events, including soccer, sailing, and horseback riding were held in cities other Chinese. With the implementation of the equestrian events in Hong Kong, this marks the second time the same edition of Olympic Games hosted by two National Olympic Committees.

Official Logo of the game, titled "Dancing Beijing", was formed based on calligraphic character "jing", referring to the host city of Beijing. Beijing 2008 mascots are the five Fuwa (simplified:福娃; pinyin: Fuwa; it literally means "good luck dolls"), each describing one color on the Olympic rings. 2008 Olympic motto is "One World, One Dream". Beijing Olympic Games consists of 302 games from 28 sports, just one more game than the 2004 Athens Olympics.

During 16 days of NBC shows in the United States, has become a television program the most sought after, with a total of 211 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research survey, 2 million more than the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, the previous record holder. [2]

Telecommunications Technology

ADSL, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line modem technology for multimedia communications high-speed data communications cables that use twisted-pair telephone cable that has existed. Transmission speed can reach up to 6 Mbps.

HFC, Fiber Coax Hyber, one that combines a network of coaxial cable with fiber cable used to transmit data, pictures and voice or multimedia services. This network types developed after seeing the fact that most of the network for cable television service when it uses coaxial cable. By starting the development of multimedia services on the network needs with a wide band (bandwidth) which is greater in the primary network for consumers who melayanin also increasing. Because the investment needed to replace the entire network with fiber cable is very large, then the development of this technique in hopes mengurangin investment costs.

450 NMT, Nordic Mobile Telephone, analog cellular communications standard that works on 450 MHz.Standar frequency was developed and used by the nordic countries in 1981

AMPS, Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog cellular communications standard that works on 800 MHz.Standar frequency was developed and used in 1983

TACS, Total Access Communication System, standard analog cellular communications; similar to the AMPS; only works on 900 MHz.Standar frequency was developed and used in 1985

900 NMT, Nordic Mobile Telephony, analog cellular communication standard that works on 900 MHz.Standar frequency was developed and used by the nordic countries in 1986

F1 Racing Man of dhe Year Awards

One event remains the granting of F1 Racing Man of the Year (MOTY) for the drivers or the crew team has been outstanding throughout the season. The vote in this event is determined by your own, so you can freely choose who your favorite in this poll via the Internet.

There are 14 categories to choose from in the implementation of MOTY polls each year, and here are the categories you can choose:

* Start of the Year (winner of 2007 by Kimi Raikkonen-startnya good for the Hungarian Grand Prix)
* Pit Crew of the Year (2007 by the Ferrari team's pit crew)
* Qualifier of the Year (2007 by Lewis Hamilton)
* Rookie of the Year (2007 by Lewis Hamilton)
* Overtake of the Year (2007 by Takuma Sato-up Fernando Alonso overtaking action at Canadian GP)
* Most Improved Team of the Year (2007 by BMW-Sauber)
* Most improved Driver of the Year (by Nico Rosberg 2007)
* Technical Director of the Year (2007 by the duo Mario Almondo and Luca Ferrari Baldiserri)
* Team Principal of the Year (2007 by Jean Todt of Ferrari)
* Car of the Year (2007 by the McLaren MP4-22)
* Person of the Year (2007 by Lewis Hamilton)
* Drive of the Year (2007 by Kimi Raikkonen on GP-UK)
* Driver of the Year (2007 by Lewis Hamilton)
* Man of the Year (2007 by Lewis Hamilton)

The first time F1 Racing MOTY poll is held at the end of the 2000 season. When Michael Schumacher was voted Man of the Year of the first. MOTY event is used by some drivers 'solace' when they fail at the world championships.

Before the 2007 season, the F1 Racing provides a special site that is f1racingawards.com, but somehow in the 2007 edition MOTY they do not use the site again. Poling MOTY year 2007 alone eventually incorporated into the official site British F1 Racing, f1racing.co.uk.

F1 Racing

F1 Racing magazine is a franchise that originated in England. F1 Racing magazine is one of motor sports magazine published by Haymarket Motoring, which is a subsidiary of the renowned British publishing company, Haymarket Magazine, Ltd.. In addition to F1 Racing, Haymarket group has several other publications such as Autosports, Rally XS (stopped due to financial reasons in early 2005 then), and much more.

F1 Racing Magazine F1 is the first (and only so far) in the world. In 2001, F1 boss Bernie Ecclestone had time to publish the official magazine titled The Formula 1 Grand Prix Magazine, but not sold in the market and was forced to stop in early 2004.

The only rival now was F1 Racing The Red Bull Bulletin, which is an internal magazine published by Red Bull. Unfortunately, this magazine published exclusively in the F1 paddock and not available at the nearest magazine seller.

History of F1 Racing

The first time F1 Racing magazine is published in March 1996, coinciding with the Australian Grand Prix at Albert Park circuit, Melbourne. At that time, only the UK, Canada, and Germany who can enjoy this magazine. But over time, F1 Racing magazine started kenegara other countries, one of which is Indonesia.

In Indonesia, F1 Racing magazine first published in May 2000. In the market, the first edition of F1 Racing Indonesia as a direct selling peanuts. Before the Indonesian edition published version, F1 racing lovers in Indonesia 'only' can read the import edition of F1 Racing Australian version in English, and of course the price of F1 Racing magazine Australia is much more expensive than the Indonesian version.

F1 Racing magazine Price Indonesian version when it first appeared is Rp. 20,000.00. But now after inflation currency, increase the price of certain commodities, as well as the main increase in fuel oil (BBM), the price of a copy of F1 Racing magazine Indonesia is Rp. 30.000,00. Began in March 2008, the price of F1 Racing magazine Indonesia again increased to Rp. 35,000.00.

The contents of the magazine

Audience segment vary F1 Racing, either from young or old groups, student / student or employee / employee. This is because the content (content) of F1 Racing magazine that is more detailed and complete information about the issues surrounding the world of Formula 1, both on the track or outside the track than a similar story from a magazine or tabloid also discuss about Formula 1.

For news in the track, F1 Racing magazine contains exclusive interviews with the drivers or team officials. There was also the segment of short stories from the paddock circuit rublik summarized in the "pit pass".

Otical telegraph

Optical telegraph communications tool remote sender by using visual signals. This technology does not use the postman, horse, cable, or electricity. This technology allows the messages delivered very quickly. The discovery of this technology became the basis of technology innovation next telegraph. The emergence of this technology 50 years earlier than the invention of electrical technology. Optical telegraph coverage can cover the distance 1380 kilometers per hour. Telegraph conveyed semaphore symbols through the sending and receiving towers. Description as found in the film The Lord Of The Ring.


Before the optical telegraph was found, working principles of this technology has been developed by the Greeks. This is done by putting the torch flame on the fort. The letters sent by combining some torch flames. The people of Carthage and the ancient Romans also used the same technology. But most of the time the telegraph longer optical technology used for war purposes. In 1971, optical telegraph rediscovered and perfected by Claude Chappe the French. This telegraph invention is a revolution. In the decades ahead, made transcontinental network in Europe and America. The first was made connecting Paris and Lille in the French revolution. This relationship as far as 230 kilometers and has a 15 semaphore. The first message is delivered news of military victory over Austria. This message can be delivered in less than half an hour. Transmission of 1 symbol from Paris to Lille could happen within 10 minutes, about 1380 kilometers per hour. Faster than a modern aircraft found a half-century later.

How it Works

Optical telegraph network consisted of a series of towers. Each set is 5 to 20 kilometers of each other. In each tower, there is a wooden semaphore and 2 telescope on it (the telescope was invented in 1600). Semaphore has two signaling arms, each of which can be positioned at the 7 position. Basic wood can also be played in 4 positions, so allowing 196 different positions. Each position represents a code for letters, numbers, words, or part of a sentence. Each tower has a telegrafer, who saw through the telescope tower beside it. If the semaphore from the tower shows a position, the symbol telegrafer copy the tower itself. Then he used a telescope to see whether the tower telegrafer after he copied it with the correct symbol. In this way, the message conveyed by the symbol symbol from one tower to another tower. Semaphore controlled with 2 handles. Telegrafer can have a speed of 1 to 3 symbols per minute.
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Substiture Technology

Optical telegraph disappeared as quickly as he appeared. This happened with the advent of the electric telegraph, 50 years later. This technology in France lasted only until the year 1853, while in Sweden until the year 1880. Undisturbed electric telegraph fog, wind, rain, or low clouds, and can also be used at night. Moreover, the electric telegraph is cheaper than the construction of the optical telegraph. Another advantage is more difficult to capture a message. If using optical telegraph anyone who understands the optical telegraph code can read the message of others. Electric telegraph also makes communication between the continents became possible, which can not be done optical telegraph (unless you play the way through Asia).

Nevertheless telephone, railroad lines, radio or television no one could make the telegraph obsolete. This technology is only dead when the arrival of fax machines and computer networks in the mid-20th century. On ships and railroads, the telegraph replaced with electronic technology, but in shipping technology is still used telegraphy during emergency situations (by using lights and flags).

Comparison with Modern Technology

Electric telegraph is a technology before electronic mail (email) and internet. Since the 30s, sending images can be performed. A variation by using the keyboard also developed, so that technology can be used by people who do not know morse code. Optical and electrical telegraph is basically the same with the Internet and email. Communications equipment uses the language code and the station to send information over long distances. Optical telegraph using visual signals, telegraph and electrical lines to the point, the Internet with the numbers 1 and 0. Flames and smoke trail is also a telegraph systems when combined with a telescope, can be as efficient optical telegraph. Of course, email is more efficient than the optical telegraph. But this does not alter the fact that the telegraph which had low technology could also give the same results without the wires or manggunakan energy, while the Internet has a mass of wires and absorb our energy supplies quickly.